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St. David
(DEGUI, DEWI).
Bishop and Confessor, patron of Wales. He is usually represented standing on
a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder. From time immemorial the Welsh have
worn a leek on St. David's day, in memory of a battle against the Saxons, at
which it is said they wore leeks in their hats, by St. David's advice, to
distinguish them from their enemies. He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest
mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript Of the Annales
Cambriae
, which assigns his death to A.D. 601. Many other writers, from
Geoffrey of Monmouth down to Father Richard Stanton, hold that he died about 544,
but their opinion is based solely on data given in various late lives
of St.
David, and there seems no good reason for setting aside the definite statement
of the Annales Cambriae
, which is now generally accepted. Little else that can
claim to be historical is known about St. David. The tradition that he was born
at Henvynyw (Vetus-Menevia) in Cardiganshire is not improbable. He was prominent
at the Synod of Brevi (Llandewi Brefi in Cardiganshire), which has been
identified with the important Roman military station, Loventium. Shortly
afterwards, in 569, he presided over another synod held at a place called Lucus
Victoriae. He was Bishop (probably not Archbishop) of Menevia, the Roman port
Menapia in Pembrokeshire, later known as St. David's, then the chief point of
departure for Ireland. St. David was canonized by Pope Callistus II in the year
1120.
This is all that is known to history about the patron of Wales. His legend,
however, is much more elaborate, and entirely unreliable. The first biography
that has come down to us was written near the end of the eleventh century, about
500 years after the saint's death, by Rhygyfarch (Ricemarchus), a son of the
then bishop of St. David's, and is chiefly a tissue of inventions intended to
support the claim of the Welsh episcopate to be independent of Canterbury.
Giraldus Cambriensis, William of Malmesbury, Geoffrey of Monmouth, John de
Tinmouth, and John Capgrave all simply copy and enlarge upon the work of
Rhygyfarch, whilst the anonymous author of the late Welsh life printed in Rees,
Cambro-British Saints
(Cott. MS. Titus, D. XXII) adds nothing of value.
According to these writers St. David was the son of Sant or Sandde ab Ceredig ab
Cunnedda, Prince of Keretica (Cardiganshire) and said by some to be King
Arthur's nephew, though Geoffrey of Monmouth calls St. David King Arthur's uncle.
The saint's mother was Nonna, or Nonnita (sometimes called Melaria), a daughter
of Gynyr of Caergawch. She was a nun who had been violated by Sant. St. David's
birth had been foretold thirty years before by an angel to St. Patrick. It took
place at Old Menevia
somewhere about A.D. 454. Prodigies preceded and
accompanied the event, and at his baptism at Porth Clais by St. Elvis of Munster,
whom Divine Providence brought over from Ireland at that conjuncture
, a blind
man was cured by the baptismal water. St. David's early education was received
from St. Illtyd at Caerworgorn (Lanwit major) in Glamorganshire. Afterwards he
spent ten years studying the Holy Scriptures at Witland in Carmarthenshire,
under St. Paulinus, (Pawl Hen), whom he cured of blindness by the sign of the
cross. At the end of this period St. Paulinus, warned by an agnel, sent out the
young saint to evangelize the British. St. David journeyed throughout the West,
founding or restoring twelve monasteries (among which occur the great names of
Glastonbury, Bath, and Leominster), and finally settled in the Vale of Ross,
where he and his monks lived a life of extreme austerity. Here occurred the
temptations of his monks by the obscene antics of the maid-servants of the wife
of Boia, a local chieftan. Here also his monks tried to poison him, but St.
David, warned by St. Scuthyn, who crossed from Ireland in one night on the back
of a sea-monster, blessed the poisoned bread and ate it without harm. From
thence, with St. Teilo and St. Padarn, he set out for Jerusalem, where he was
made bishop by the patriarch. Here too St. Dubric and St. Daniel found him, when
they came to call him to the Synod of Brevi against the Pelagians
. St. David
was with difficulty persuaded to accompany them; on his way he raised a widow's
son to life, and at the synod preached so loudly, from the hill that
miraculously rose under him, that all could hear him, and so eloquently that all
the heretics were confounded. St. Dubric resigned the Archbishopric of
Caerleon
, and St. David was appointed in his stead. One of his first acts was
to hold, in the year 569, yet another synod called Victory
, against the
Pelagians, of which the decrees were confirmed by the pope. With the permission
of King Arthur he removed his see from Caerleon to Menevia, whence he governed
the British Church for many years with great holiness and wisdom. He died a the
great age of 147, on the day predicted by himself a week earlier. His body is
said to have been translated to Glastonbury in the year 966.
It is impossible to discover in this story how much, if any, is true. Some of it has obviously been invented for controversial purposes. The twelve monasteries, the temptation by the women, the attempt on his life, all suggest an imitation of the life of St. Benedict. Wilder legends, such as the Journey on the Sea-Monster, are commonplaces of Celtic hagiography. Doubtless Rhygyfarch and his imitators collected many floating local traditions, but how much of these had any historical foundation and how much was sheer imagination is no longer possible to decide.
Annales Cambriae
, ed. AB ITHEL in Rolls Series
(London,
1860), 3-6; Acta SS., March 1, 38-47;
Buhez Santez Nonn
ed. SIONNET (Paris,
1837); CHALLONER, Britannia Sancta
(London, 1745), I, 140-45; HOLE in Dict.
Christ. Biog.
(London, 1877), I, 791-93; BRADLEY in Dict. Nat. Biog.
, s.v.:
GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, Opera
, ed. BREWER in Rolls Series
(London, 1863), III,
375-404; HADDON AND STUBBS, Councils and Ecclesiastical documents relating to
Great Britain and Ireland
(Oxford, 1869), I, 121, 143, 148; Lives of the
Cambro-British Saints
, ed. REES (Llandovery, Wales, 1853), 102-44, 412-48;
MONTALEMBERT, Les moines d'Occident
(Paris, 1866), III, 48-55; NEDELEC,
Cambria Sacra
(London, 1879), 446-479; REES, Essay on the Welsh Saints
(London, 1836), 43, 162, 191, 193; STANTON, Menology of England and Wales
(London, 1887), 92-93, 203; WHARTON, Anglia Sacra
(London, 1691), II, 628-53.
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